The Sultan of Brunei, Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah, is presently the head of state and also the Minister of Defense and Commander in Chief of Royal Brunei Armed Forces. As of 2022, martial law has never been declared since the continent became a nation.īrunei has been under a martial law since a rebellion occurred on 8 December 1962 known as the Brunei Revolt and was put down by British troops from Singapore. It would remain in force for more than three years, the longest period of martial law in the history of the British colonies on the Australian continent. With an escalation of violence in the late 1820s, Lieutenant-Governor George Arthur declared martial law in November 1828-effectively providing legal immunity for killing Aboriginal people. The Black War was a period of violent conflict between British colonists and Aboriginal Australians in Tasmania from the mid-1820s to 1832. Civilians defying martial law may be subjected to military tribunal ( court-martial).ĭuring the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan declared martial law. Typically, the imposition of martial law accompanies curfews the suspension of civil law, civil rights, and habeas corpus and the application or extension of military law or military justice to civilians.

Examples of this form of military rule include post World War II reconstruction in Germany and Japan, the recovery and reconstruction of the former Confederate States of America during Reconstruction Era in the United States of America following the American Civil War, and German occupation of northern France between 18 after the Treaty of Frankfurt ended the Franco-Prussian War. Martial law has also been imposed during conflicts, and in cases of occupations, where the absence of any other civil government provides for an unstable population. Martial law may be declared in cases of major natural disasters however, most countries use a different legal construct, such as a state of emergency. Such incidents may occur after a coup d'état ( Thailand in 20, and Egypt in 2013) when threatened by popular protest (China, Tiananmen Square protests of 1989) to suppress political opposition ( martial law in Poland in 1981) or to stabilize insurrections or perceived insurrections. Martial law can be used by governments to enforce their rule over the public, as seen in multiple countries listed below.

Martial law 2020